by Georgia Wingfield-Hayes
Part 2 of a 2 part series
Is eating meat, as we are told, bad for the environment? The quick answer is, there is no quick answer. Farming systems differ vastly in terms of carbon, biodiversity and animal welfare. So, let’s see if we can unpack this issue in brief.
When it comes to the meat, less is more. As we learned in Part 1, replacing intensively reared and highly processed meat with high quality, nutrient dense meats, from regenerative, organic and nature-based farming systems, means we don’t need as much animal protein to fulfil our dietary requirements. This forms part of the equation of regenerative living. So, what are the arguments that tell us that eating meat is an environmental no no.
Argument No 1. Land Use
Beef and lamb production occupy large areas of land that could otherwise be used for growing crops or rewilded. This seems like good sense, we can feed more people off less land with crops and rewilding should restore biodiversity. However, not all land is suitable for cropping and rewilding is a young science making some serious mistakes in not understanding the herbivore’s role in ecosystem restoration.
Meanwhile, let’s not forget that a certain amount of animal protein is essential to good health. There are no examples of vegan diets in indigenous cultures.
A macro-issue here is the linear nature of western thinking. X hectares of land could produce x amount more food if we grew crops not meat. But that thinking doesn’t ask what does x piece of land want to be? Can we foster a healthy ecosystem and fit our food systems into that? This non-linear, holistic thinking requires a lot more head scratching and acceptance that we never have all the answers, in a life-long apprenticeship to nature.
Are the former great plains of the USA more suited to crops or rewilding? Or could we use regenerative livestock farming to restore the health of the prairies? All is possible, it depends on what our imagination allows. One thing is for sure, rewilding such semi-arid lands without a healthy population of wild buffalo, elk and wolves, will see it turn to desert.
Herbivores are essential disruptors. Wild herbivores in the presence of predators will keep an ecosystem dynamic and soils healthy. In the absence of predators, disruption becomes excessive and causes degradation of land. In regenerative farming we aim to mimic a healthy level of disruption in order to rapidly regenerate the soils carbon, life and depth; grassland plant diversity and root depth. All of which massively improves soil water retention and the diversity of invertebrate, insect, small mammals and birds.
Upland Britain is not viable for crop production and overpopulation by deer prevents forest regeneration. We can fence off areas, plant trees and allow rewilding to occur, as is already being successfully done by organisations like Reforesting Scotland, however, in the long term, this rewilding will not create optimal biodiversity without a healthy balance of herbivores and predators (wolves, lynx and bears), in the mix. Without these the result will be closed canopy forest, with little in the way of grassland and wildflowers for pollinators.
Is it possible for us to move beyond the siloed thinking of either-or, food or rewilding, and see an integration of the two? We believe it is, what’s more we see this as crucial. Insect populations have crashed alarmingly in recent years; 60% or more in 20 years to be precise. While the finger rightly gets pointed at the use of pesticides in agriculture, we must also acknowledge that 97% of the UK’s species rich meadows have disappeared in the last 100 years. Wildflower meadows are an essential part of our landscape and can only be engineered by herbivores. Dung from these herbivores, is another essential element of a complex ecosystem, providing food and shelter to dung beetles and other microfauna and mycorrhizal networks, which help building soil carbon.
In 2016 the UN estimated that we have only 60 harvests left in our farmed soils, if we continue with current practices. So, rewilding vs cropping isn’t the question? Farmers shifting to regenerative arable systems are discovering that they require livestock – grazing herbal leys, as part of their arable rotation, in order to build fertility. Animals are essential to chemical free farming.
Argument No 2. Methane: Burps, farts and manure
The UN estimates that 14.5% of global carbon emissions come from livestock production. Here we need to go back to feedlots vs 100% grass-fed as spoken about in part 1. Feedlots mean large amounts of land gets used to grow grain, in order to feed cattle. The manure from these animals then has to be dealt with: spread back on land, piled up to decompose or put through a bio-digester where at least methane and other gases are harvested as fuel for other uses. Run off from effluent pollutes rivers and ground water. But none of these things are an issue in systems where animals are 100% grass-fed.
Three important things are consistently overlooked in the overall analysis of meat production and climate change:
- The most carbon rich soils are grassland soils.
- There is no upper limit to how much carbon can be sequestered in well managed pastures.
- A soil’s water holding capacity is a direct function of soil carbon.
The soil water infiltration rate of Gabe Brown’s ranch, pre-regenerative farming was 1/2 inch an hour. The rest ran off the land. Today that has increased to 8+ inches an hour. That water, held by soil carbon is part of the climate change debate that is overlooked at our peril. If we are going to cool the planet, we need soils that hold water, and soils covered by plants. Bringing trees into these pastures improves this picture still further.
The argument that cows produce methane and therefore, let’s get rid of the cows, is a perfect example of linear thinking getting us into trouble. The prairies of North America were home to 30-60 million buffalo before Europeans embarked on their slaughter. In Europe our landscapes were once a mosaic of woodland and pasture expertly engineered by deer, horses and bison in the presence of predators. The methane output of cattle is a problematic partial picture, we need to look at complete carbon equations for whole farming systems, alongside biodiversity, water, etc.
Tilled soils, for example, have half the carbon of an average productive pasture. Regeneratively farmed pastures, however, keep on sequestering carbon. There has to date been a gross underestimation of the carbon sink potential of pastures, which outstrip forests. On the regenerative farm, White Oak Pastures in Georgia, USA, they have shown that not only does the sequestration of carbon into their regen-soils balance the methane output of livestock, but in fact negates 85% of the farms total emissions.
Summing Up
While the finger is being pointed at meat, we miss the point that the way most food is farmed is causing a climate, environment and biodiversity catastrophe. All farming needs to change drastically for the sake of human health and the planet; and we need to stop seeing these two things as separate and understand that the health of the biosphere and the human body are one and the same. Macrocosm – microcosm.
Herbivores are essential for the rapid rebuilding of carbon rich soils. They are our best tool in the regeneration of complex and complete ecosystems from the ground up. To us here at Primal Meats, it makes sense for this regeneration to include food production. Keeping people in relationship with land and food providence. A world where land is either intensively cropped or rewilded, while people eat lab-grown meat, will not only be deeply spiritually impoverished, but the chronic health problems we are facing today will only get worse.
One final note. Food waste is still a big issue in the UK and one of the best ways to get around food waste is to buy food whilst it is still in the field. This is exactly what we do with Primal Steaks Club. You buy part of an animal, so that when it goes to slaughter, every bit is already destined for a customer. All fresh and no waste!
Referencess
Study: White Oak Pastures Beef Reduces Atmospheric Carbon
https://blog.whiteoakpastures.com/blog/carbon-negative-grassfed-beef
Soil Carbon Cowboys
https://savory.global/science_library/soil-carbon-cowboys
What’s your Beef
http://kinnebrookfarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/whatsyourbeef.pdf
Is Grass-Fed Beef Really Better For The Planet? Here’s The Science
Restoring the climate through capture and storage of soil carbon through holistic planned grazing
https://savory.global/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/restoring-the-climate.pdf
Eating Meat Is Bad for Climate Change, and Here Are All the Studies That Prove It
The fight to save vanishing wildflower meadows
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-61869167
UK’s flying insects have declined by 60% in 20 years
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